What is an underlying cause of periodontal disease?

The underlying cause of periodontal disease is poor oral hygiene leading to plaque accumulation. When individuals do not maintain proper oral care, plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—builds up on teeth. This accumulation can lead to inflammation of the gums, also known as gingivitis, and can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that can damage the supporting structures of the teeth.

Maintaining good oral hygiene, which includes regular brushing and flossing as well as professional dental cleanings, helps to reduce plaque and prevent the onset of periodontal disease. Thus, the relationship between oral hygiene practices and the health of the gums is crucial in understanding the development of periodontal diseases.

Excessive brushing may seem related, but it is not a direct cause of periodontal disease; rather, it can lead to issues such as gum recession if done improperly. The absence of bacteria is not a valid option because dental plaque is primarily made up of bacteria, and without it, periodontal disease would not occur. Genetic factors can play a role in an individual's susceptibility to periodontal disease, but they are not an underlying cause when factoring in the direct impact of oral hygiene practices.