What is the MOST common cause of gingival irritation?

Plaque is recognized as the most common cause of gingival irritation due to its role in the development of gingivitis. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth and along the gumline. When plaque is not removed through proper oral hygiene practices, it can harden into tartar or calculus, leading to inflammation of the gums. The bacteria present in plaque produce toxins that irritate the gum tissues, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, and bleeding.

While calculus and other factors like caries and restorative material can contribute to oral disease or irritation, they are typically secondary to the influence of plaque. Calculus forms from plaque that has remained on the teeth for an extended period and has mineralized, while caries result from the demineralization caused by acid-producing bacteria found in plaque. Restorative materials may also irritate the gums but are not as universally common or as direct a cause as plaque itself. Focusing on effective plaque control through regular brushing and flossing is crucial for maintaining gum health and preventing irritation.